Fig. 2
From: Extracellular vesicles: mediators of intercellular communication in tissue injury and disease
EVs in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells secrete EVs that target the immune system. Monocytes that uptake tumor EVs are driven toward an M2 and tumor-associated phenotype, resulting in the secretion of immunosuppressive and tumor-supportive factors. Tumor-associated macrophages release EVs that also act on tumor cells, notably through activation of P13K-AKT and Wnt signaling, causing enhanced migration and proliferation. Additionally, tumor cells evade immune surveillance by shedding EVs that contain PD-L1, which directly inhibits the T cell-mediated immune response