Fig. 3

PTEN inhibits Warburg effect and maintains mitochondrial function in HCC cells. HHCC cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding full-length human PTEN (oe-PTEN), with those cells infected with a lentiviral vector harboring empty expression vector as controls (vector-NC). a, Measurements of acetyl-CoA synthesis, glucose uptake, and lactate production in HHCC cells. b, JC-1 staining was performed to examine the MMP in HHCC cells (× 400). Red stains at 585 nm indicate JC-1 aggregates in intact mitochondria, and green stains at 514 nm indicate JC-1 monomer in apoptotic cells with depolarization of MMP. c, Mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨ was calculated by flow cytometric analysis in HHCC cells. *p < 0.05 compared with vector-NC by unpaired t-test. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation of three technical replicates