Fig. 8

Impact of calystegines treatment on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in HI/HG challenged HepG2 cells. a1 Representative plots for events distribution from Muse Oxidative Stress Assay. a2 Representative dot plots for Muse Mitopotential Assay. b1 Level of intracellular ROS formation represented by the percentage of ROS positive cells. b2 Histograms showing the average percentages of total cells exhibiting depolarized mitochondria. c Relative gene expression of Sod1, Sod2, Cat and GPx antioxidant enzymes transcripts. d Illustration of confocal micrographs for cells labelled with MitoRed fluorescent dye; scale bar size 20 μm; magnification set at 60-folds. e Quantification of MitoRed fluorescent intensities using the pseudo ratio ΔF/F0. f Bar-charts demonstration the levels of main mitochondrial dynamics-related mRNAs. Representative data from three independent experiments are shown ± SD (n = 3). An asterisk (*) indicates a comparison of IR group to untreated healthy cells. A hashtag (#) indicates a comparison of IR group pre-treated with calystegines to IR untreated healthy cells. */#p < 0.05, **/##p < 0.01, ***/###p < 0.001. HepG2_HE: HepG2 healthy untreated cells; HepG2_IR: Insulin resistant HepG2 cells exposed to high concentrations of insulin and glucose. HepG2_IR-H. albus_Caly: Insulin resistant HepG2 cells exposed to high concentrations of insulin and glucose and pre-treated with 250 μg/ml calystegines extracted from Hyoscyamus albus seeds