Fig. 4

Impact of calystegines preconditioning on caspases expression and activation over HI/HG induction of HepG2 cells. a Representative plots from the Muse™ MultiCaspase Assay. b Bar charts depict the percentage of total cells with multicaspase enzyme activation. c mRNA expression of caspase‐3 and caspase-9 assayed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Representative data from three independent experiments are shown ± SD (n = 3). An asterisk (*) indicates a comparison of IR group to untreated healthy cells. A hashtag (#) indicates a comparison of IR group pre-treated with calystegines to IR untreated healthy cells. */#p < 0.05, **/##p < 0.01, ***/###p < 0.001. HepG2_HE: HepG2 healthy untreated cells; HepG2_IR: Insulin resistant HepG2 cells exposed to high concentrations of insulin and glucose. HepG2_IR-H. albus_Caly: Insulin resistant HepG2 cells exposed to high concentrations of insulin and glucose and pre-treated with 250 μg/ml calystegines extracted from Hyoscyamus albus