Fig. 3

Influence of total calystegines pre-treatment on HepG2 cells viability and apoptosis challenged by prolonged exposure to high insulin and glucose levels. a Cell proliferation assessed by the Tox8 assay. b Representative apoptosis profile plots from flow cytometry analysis. c Quantitative estimation of Annexin V/7-AAD positive and negative cells. d Relative expression quantitation of main apoptosis-associated markers levels. Representative data from three independent experiments are shown ± SD (n = 3). An asterisk (*) indicates a comparison of IR group to untreated healthy cells. A hashtag (#) indicates a comparison of IR group pre-treated with calystegines to IR untreated healthy cells. */#p < 0.05, **/##p < 0.01, ***/###p < 0.001. HepG2_HE: HepG2 healthy untreated cells; HepG2_IR: Insulin resistant HepG2 cells exposed to high concentrations of insulin and glucose. HepG2_IR-H. albus_Caly: Insulin resistant HepG2 cells exposed to high concentrations of insulin and glucose and pre-treated with 250 μg/ml calystegines extracted from Hyoscyamus albus seeds