Fig. 3

Inhibition of melatonin on PCa metabolism. Melatonin can be actively transported into PCa cells via GLUT1 and thus suppressing the uptake of glucose via competing for the binding sites of GLUT1. PEPT1/2 embedded in mitochondrion membrane actively transported melatonin into mitochondrion. Melatonin can cause 10–20% decrease in ATP production via limiting the TCA cycle and cause roughly 15% decrease of lactate via inhibiting glycolysis