Fig. 8

Autophagy dysregulation contributes to neuronal damage after long-term hyperglycemia. a The expression of mTOR related proteins, GLUT1 and β-actin detected by Western blot. Immuno-co-staining for Beclin1 (green) and Brn3a (red) (b) or Calbindin (red) (c) of the retina from normal and 3-months diabetic mice treated with either phlorizin or MHY1485. d Immuno-co-staining for Cleaved caspase 3 (green) and NeuN (red) of the retina from normal and 3-months diabetic mice treated with either phlorizin or MHY1485. e Cleaved caspase 3 positive cell number in the retinal GCL of the indicated groups of mice (n = 6/group). f Total cell number and NeuN positive cell number (normalized to the Hoechst nuclear counterstain) in the retinal GCL of the indicated groups of mice (n = 6/group). g Immuno-co-staining for pmTOR S2448 (green) and GFAP (red) of the retina from normal and 3-months diabetic mice treated with either phlorizin or MHY1485. Nuclei were counter-stained with Hoechst 33,342 (blue). GCL, ganglion cell layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; *p ≤ 0.05; Scale bar: 50 µm