Table 1 Some representative contents of EVs, their functions and mechanism
From: Role of extracellular vesicles in tumour microenvironment
Disease | EV Contents | Pathways/Mechanism | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
Glioma | EGFRvIII | MAPK, Akt | tumour development |
LncRNA-HOTAIR | upregulating VEGF-A expression | angiogenesis | |
Glioblastoma | VEGF-A | – | vascular leakiness, angiogenesis |
Melanoma | Met | – | resistance lung metastasis |
PDGFR-β | PI3K/AKT | resistance | |
– | upregulation of S100a8, S100a9, and TNF-α | vascular leakiness | |
miR-191 and let-7a | – | EMT | |
PD-L1 | competitive inhibition | Anti-PD-1 therapy resistance | |
HCC | HGF | HGF/c-MET/PI3K/AKT | resistance |
LncRNA-ROR | TGF-β | resistance | |
Osteosarcoma | P-gp/MDR-1 mRNA | – | resistance |
TGF-β | secreting IL-6 | tumour metastasis | |
RCC | Lnc-ARSR | STAT3, AKT, ERK | resistance |
Breast cancer | LncRNA-UCA1 | – | resistance |
– | upregulating a subset of S100 proteins and triggering Src kinase signalling | vascular leakiness | |
miR-23a, miR-105 | targeting ZO-1 | vascular leakiness | |
miR-9 | – | shift of normal FBs into tFBs | |
HER2 | competitive inhibition | Trastuzumab resistance | |
PDAC | circ-PDE8A | miR-338/MACC1/MET | tumour invasion |
Lung cancer | miR-23a, miR-105 | targeting ZO-1 | vascular leakiness |
Myeloma | syndecan-1, VEGF, HGF | – | angiogenesis |
EGFR | MAPK, AKT | angiogenesis | |
UBC | LncRNA-HOTAIR | – | EMT |
circPRMT5 | miR-30c “sponge” | EMT | |
Gastric cancer | LncRNA-ZFAS1 | – | EMT |
Pancreatic cancer | SELPLG | – | coagulation and metastasis |
HNSCC | PD-L1 | competitive inhibition | immunosuppression, tumour progression |
Prostate cancer | PD-L1 | competitive inhibition | immunosuppression |
B-cell lymphoma | CD20 | competitive inhibition | rituximab resistance |