From: Role of exosomes in malignant glioma: microRNAs and proteins in pathogenesis and diagnosis
Exosomal protein | Expression status | Target | Note | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
HMGB1 | Up | SASH1 | HMGB1 plays different roles depending on its location: as an extracellular protein, HMGB1 decreases SASH1 expression, but as an exosomal protein, HMGB1 increases SASH1 expression | [140] |
IL-8, PDGFs, caveolin 1, and lysyl oxidase | Up | – | The exosomal pathway constitutes a potential target that drives hypoxia-dependent intercellular signaling during tumor development. | [141] |
L1CAM | Up | FGFR, FAK | Increases cell motility, proliferation, and invasiveness. | [142] |
STC1, STC2 | Up | – | Induces cell migration in a hypoxia-dependent manner | [143] |
EGFRvIII | Up | CD44, BSG, CD151, CD81 and CD82 | – | [144] |
VEGF-A | Up | claudin-5 and occluding | Increases the permeability of the BBB in vitro by interrupting the expression of claudin-5 and occludin. In vivo permeability assay showed hypoxic GBM-derived exosomes remained functional in the blood circulation and induced permeability in the BBB. | [145] |
CRYAB | Up | – | The U373 glioma cells produce and secrete cryAB in exosomes; stimulation with IL-1β and TNF-α significantly increased the levels of cryAB not only in cells but also in secreted exosomes. | [146] |
PTRF | Up | Cavin1 | PTRF over-expression increases exosome secretion and induces cell growth in vitro. Clinical samples showed a positive correlation between tumor grade and PTRF expression in both tumor tissue and exosomes isolated from blood harvested from glioma patients. | [147] |
PD-1 | Up | – | – | [148] |
IL-8, ZAP70, TGF-β | down | ELISPOT, IL-13R, | – | [148] |
IL13Rα2, IL13QD | Up | – | Specific binding of IL13QD to tumor associated exosomes was confirmed. | [149] |
CAV1 | Up | p-ERK1/2 | Exosome uptake appears to be dependent on intact ERK1/2-HSP27 signaling, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation was negatively influenced by CAV1 during internalization of exosomes. | [150] |
NK-Exo | Up | CD63, Alix | In vivo NK-Exo treatment inhibited tumor xenograft growth compared to control mice, and pretreatment of mice with dextran sulfate 2 h before NK-Exo treatment increased the antitumor effect of NK-Exo compared to control and NK-Exo-alone-treated mice. | [151] |
SRSF1, SRSF3 | Up | PTBP1,PTBP2 | – | [152] |
NANOGP8 | Up | – | – | [153] |
IFN-gamma, granzyme B | Down | – | Granzyme B was significantly inhibited in CD8 + T cells exposed to GL26 cell-derived exosomes, and the exosomes could not inhibit the expression of granzyme B in CD4 + T cells and NK cells. | [154] |
PTENP1 | Up | miR-10a-5p | The lncRNA PTENP1 could be packaged into exosomes from hUC-MSCs, transferred to U87 cells, and then stabilized PTEN by competitively binding miR-10a-5p. | [155] |
CLIC1 | Up | GFP, FLAG-tagged | CLIC1 is a circulating protein, secreted via extracellular vehicles (Evs) released by either cell lines or GBM-derived CSCs. | [156] |
K-Ras | Up | Raf-RBD | – | [157] |
immunoglobulin (Ig) G2 and IgG4 | Up | CD163 | – | [158] |
TrkB | Up | YKL-40 | Inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Plays a key role in the control of GBM progression and aggressiveness. | [159] |
MGMT mRNA | Up | – | – | [160] |
EGFRvIII | Up | CD81 | EGFRvIII expression either in exosomes or tissue was correlated with poor survival. | [161] |
N-glycoproteins | Up | Glycopeptide | 329 N-glycosylation sites corresponding to 180 different N-glycoproteins were enriched and identified in plasma exosomes of glioma patients and healthy subjects. | [162] |
LOX, ADAMTS1, TSP1, VEGF | Up | KCNJ3 | Induces differential gene expression in recipient glioma cells | [163] |
CRCL | Down | T cell | Anti-tumor activity through modulating Cbl-b and c-Cbl signaling. | [164] |
NF-κB | Up | green fluorescent protein | NF-κB inducible promoter mediates widespread reporter gene expression in tumor-associated myeloid-derived cells after systemic injection of exo-AAV in brain tumor-bearing mice | [165] |
Glut-1, HK-2, and PKM-2 | Up | MMP-2, MMP-9 | Increases glucose consumption and generation of lactate and ATP. | [166] |
TDP-43 | Up | – | – | [167] |