Fig. 3
From: Intestinal microbiota: a new force in cancer immunotherapy
The mechanism of multiple intestinal microbiota in cancer immunotherapy. Bifidobacteria activates and causes DCs to secrete IFN-γ, which initiates the anti-tumor effect of CD8+ T cells. B. fragilis promotes Th1 recognition of tumor antigens and is capable of inducing DC maturation. In addition, B. fragilis can promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Tregs, which further participate in anti-tumor immunity. Faecalibacterium induces DC maturation and promotes CD4+ T cell proliferation. A. muciniphila promotes activation of the CXCR3/CCR9 axis and participates in the migration of CD4+ T cells. Escherichia and Clostridium enhance the expression of CTLA-4 in Tregs, which is beneficial to tumor immunity