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Table 2 Selected autophagy-related miRNAs in brain tumors

From: Autophagy in cancers including brain tumors: role of MicroRNAs

Brain tumor

miRNA

Expression

Effect (s) on autophagy

Target (s)

Study outcome (s)

Model

Cell line

Ref

GBM

miR-93

Up

Inhibit autophagy

BECN1/Beclin 1, ATG5, ATG4B, SQSTM1/p62

Autophagy inhibition increased antitumor effects of Rap, IR, and TMZ on glioma stem-like cells

In vitro, In vivo

U87

[237]

miR-30a

Up

Inhibit autophagy

Beclin 1

MiR-30a over-expression increased the cytotoxicity of TMZ to U251 cells

In vitro

U251

[225]

miR-224-3p

Up

Inhibit autophagy

ATG5

Mir-224-3p suppressed metastasis. It also enhanced the chemo-sensitivity of LN229 cells in hypoxic conditions through autophagy suppression

In vitro, In vivo

LN229

[238]

miR-17

Up

Inhibit autophagy

ATG7

The activation of autophagy by anti-miR-17 led to a decrease of the threshold resistance at temozolomide doses in T98G cells.

Modulation of miR-17 led to sensitization to low dose ionizing radiation in U373-MG cells

In vitro

T98G, U373-MG

[115]

miR-340

Up

Inhibit autophagy

XIAP, BMI1, ROCK1

MiR-340 reduced cell growth, inhibited cell motility, and regulated glioma development

In vitro

U87MG, U251MG, U373, A172, U118, T98G, SHU-44

[239]

miR-224-3p

Up

Inhibit autophagy

ATG5, FIP200

MiR224-3p increased hypoxia-induced apoptosis, inhibited hypoxia-induced autophagy, reduced cell proliferation in vitro, inhibited tumorigenesis of GBM cells in vivo

In vitro, In vivo

U251, U87

[232]

miR-517c

Up

Inhibit autophagy

Tp53

Mir-517c suppressed autophagy and decreased tumor invasion

In vitro, In vivo

U251, U87

[240]

miR-7-1-3p

Up

Inhibit autophagy

PKCa, mTOR, SQSTM1, p62, XIAP

MiR-7-1-3p over-expression potentiated silibinin & luteolin to induce apoptosis and inhibit autophagy

In vitro, in vivo

U87MG, T98G

[230]

miR-138

Up

Inhibit autophagy

LC3-II, BIM

MiR-138/BIM axis regulated autophagy-mediated resistance to TMZ

In vitro, In vivo

LN-18, LN-229, LN-308, LN-319, LN-428, D247MG, A172, U87MG, T98G

[241]

miR-155-3p

Up

Activate autophagy

LC3B-II, SQSTM1

MIR155-3p enhanced hypoxia-induced autophagy through targeting the CREBRF-CREB3-ATG5 pathways

In vitro, In vivo

U251, T98G

[242]

miR-30e

Up

Inhibit autophagy

Beclin-1

Combination of proanthocyanidin and miR-30e suppressed sodium sulfite-induced autophagy

In vitro

GSC, SNB19

[243]

miR-128

Up

Activate autophagy

mTOR, RICTOR, IGF1, PIK3R1

MiR-128 directly blocked mTOR pathway and induced glioma cell death

In vitro

Hs683, M059K, U87MG

[244]

miR-590-3p

Up

Activate autophagy

LC3-II, Beclin-1,

TMZ combined with endothelial-monocyte actuating polypeptide II inhibited malignant phenotype of GSCs through miR-590-3p/MACC1 suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways

In vitro, In vivo

U87, U251

[245]

Scwannoma

miR-21

Up

Inhibit autophagy

LC3-II, Beclin-1

Ailanthone-induced autophagy & apoptosis, suppressed proliferation of vestibular schwannoma cells

In vitro

vestibular schwannoma

[234]

miR-210

Up

Activate autophagy

P62, elf4E

Inhibition of miR-210 promoted tumor cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, decreased angiogenesis, and activated autophagy

In vitro

RT4-D6P2T

[246]

Medulloblastoma

miR-30a

Up

Inhibit autophagy

LC3B, Beclin-1

Mir-30a inhibited tumorigenicity and growth of medulloblastoma cell lines, and suppressed autophagy

In vitro, In vivo

Daoy, D283, D425

[236]

Let-7f-1

Up

Inhibit autophagy

HMGB1

SPARC regulated cisplatin resistance by regulating the Let-7f-1 miRNA/HMGB1 axis

In vitro, In vivo

D425

UW228

[247]

Glioma

miR-193a-5p

Up

Activate autophagy

LCII/LCI, Beclin-1

CASC2 is down-regulated in glioma, leading to enhanced levels of miR-193a-5p and decreased expression of mTOR, resulting in increased autophagy

In vitro

U257, U87

[248]

Astrocytoma

miR-224-3p

Up

Inhibit autophagy

ATG5

HIF-1α/miR-224-3p/ATG5 axis influenced chemosensitivity and cell mobility through modulating hypoxia-mediated autophagy

In vitro, In vivo

U-251MG

[245]