Fig. 2

Mechanisms for selective autophagy. a Targeting pathway from the cytoplasm to the vacuole (Cvt). Ape1 is generated as a cytoplasmic precursor protein alongside a propeptide. The molecule will rapidly oligomerize into dodecamers. These dodecamers will link to each other to create higher-order composites. ATG19 as an autophagy receptor directly attaches to this complex and leads to another Cvt pathway cargo named Ams1 resulting in the formation of the Cvt complex and ATG19 interaction with an autophagy adaptor ATG11. The Cvt complex is transported to the location wherein the double-membrane vesicle will be created. ATG11 binds the ATG proteins required to generate Cvt vesicles. However, ATG19 direct binding to ATG8 allows unique sequestration of the Cvt complex into vesicles. b Scheme for p62 as well as NBR1 acting as autophagy receptors along with the ubiquitinated cargos. Furthermore, P62 and also NBR1 bind to the ubiquitinated cargo through their ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain. This interaction initiates aggregate generation via oligomerization of p62 through its Bem1p (PB1) and Phox domains. p62 interacts with autophagy-linked FYVE protein (ALFY) to activate ATG5 and bind PI3P, as well as direct binding to LC3. These mechanisms seem to control and activate the ATG function along with the ubiquitinated cargos, and specifically sequester them inside autophagosomes, similar to the Cvt pathway