Fig. 5
From: Regulators of glucose uptake in thyroid cancer cell lines
Putative scheme of signal transduction in thyreocyte according to Riesco-Eizaguirre and Santisteban and Rivas and Santisteban [34, 41]. TSH-stimulated 18F-FDG uptake is mediated via adenylate cyclase (AC) and cAMP, ras, PI3K, and Akt. Iodide uptake is regulated by PKA. Mitogenactivated protein (MAP) kinase pathway involving B-type Raf (BRAF), extracellular signal–regulated kinase, and mitogenactivated protein kinase kinase is supposed to steer cell proliferation. The Gly12Ser point mutation of K-ras oncogene as detected in ML-1 cells results in constitutive activation of K-ras-PI3K-Akt pathway in this cell line, leading to enhanced glucose transport and use