Fig. 1

DCX is Expressed in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments of gliomas. a DCX protein levels as detected by western blotting in non-neoplastic tissues, LGG (low-grade gliomas patients), and HGG (WHO III&IV high-grade glioma). b Immunoblotting of another cohort excised at a different time and in a different set of patients derived tissues showing DCX protein expression. c DCX protein levels in human astrocyte-hippocampal (HA-h), U251MG, U343, U87MG, rat’s astrocytes (RA), C6 rat’s astroglioma cell line, and stem-like cells derived from C6 cells (GBSC), as detected by western blotting d Schematic drawing of DCX subcellular localization: general knowledge of DCX localization in normal cells (upper panel) and representative image of the current discovery of DCX subcellular localization in gliomas (lower panel) (image credit: Human Protein Atlas https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000077279-DCX/cell, https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000082898-XPO1/cell#gene_information). DCX-positive sites are marked green. e Subcellular localization of DCX (Red) in HA-h, U251, RA, C6, and GBSC as detected by immunofluorescence with representative laser confocal microscopy images. Scale bar, 20 μM. f Nucleocytosolic protein level of DCX as detected by western blotting and its subcellular localization quantitation. F = 300.715 and df = 3. g Western blotting and quantitation of DCX subcellular localization in RA, C6, and GBSC. F = 200.831 and df = 2