Fig. 1

Glycolysis activation is higher in TECs than in NECs. a ECs’ flow cytometry analysis showing BSI-B4 lectin’s expression in stained (white) and unstained cells (gray). b Positive expression of EC markers (Pecam1, Cdh5, Eng, Icam1, Flt1, and Kdr). The murine endothelial MS1 cells cDNA was used as a positive control sample for EC markers. All ECs were negative for non-EC markers Itgam and Ptprc. Gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR, and PCR products were visualized by gel electrophoresis. c Kdr/VEGFR2 mRNA expression in TECs and NECs was evaluated by RT-qPCR. All results presented as mean ± SD; n = 3, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001, by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. d Images of the media with no cells and of the spent medium of TEC and NEC cultures after cells reached confluence; the extracellular pH of media was measured with a pH probe. e Comparison of the metabolomes of NECs and TECs cultured in complete medium (i.e., containing glucose, glutamine, and growth factors). f Lactate levels determined enzymatically in the media of cells cultured for 48 h. The lactate concentration was normalized to cell number. g Enzymatically determined lactate levels in supernatants of minced skin, kidney, and tumor tissues prepared immediately after resection. Lactate concentration was normalized to tissue weight (g). Results presented as mean ± SD; The experiment was independently repeated three times; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test