Table 1 shows essential AKT isoform-specific effects in breast cancer in vitro and in vivo classified by the revealing study and the three AKT isoforms AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3

Hutchinson et al. 2004

[125]

tumor growth & proliferation ↑ (Rb, cyclin D1); metastasis ↓

Dillon et al. 2009

[123]

tumor growth ↑; metastasis ↓ (ER)

tumor growth Ø; metastasis & invasion ↑

Maroulakou et al. 2007

[124]

tumor growth & proliferation ↑ (Cyclin D1, Rb); apoptosis ↓; invasion ↓; metastasis ↑

tumor growth ↓ (Cyclin D1, Rb); metastasis ↑

tumor growth Ø metastasis Ø

Riggio et al. 2017

[127]

proliferation & tumor growth ↑ (Cyclin D1, S6); invasion & metastasis ↓ (integrin ß1, FAK, MMP9); migration Ø

proliferation ↓; tumor growth Ø; migration & invasion & metastasis ↑ (F-actin, vimentin)

Liu et al. 2006

[129]

proliferation & tumor growth ↑; migration & invasion ↓ (TSC2, Rho)

Grabinski et al. 2014

[130]

proliferation ↓

proliferation ↓

proliferation ↓

Toulany et al. 2017

[131]

proliferation & tumor growth ↑ (DNA-PKcs)

proliferation Ø; tumor growth ↓

proliferation & tumor growth ↑ (DNA-PKcs)

Park et al. 2001

[59]

colony formation Ø; invasion & metastasis ↑ (MMP-2)

Stottrup et al. 2016

[132]

spheroid growth ↑

spheroid growth Ø

spheroid growth ↑; invasion ↑ (N-cadherin)

Chin et al. 2014

[133]

[151]

proliferation ↑; spheroid formation ↑; migration ↓

proliferation ↑; spheroid formation ↑; maintaining spheroid architecture ↑; migration ↑

proliferation ↑; spheroid formation ↑; tumor growth ↑ (p27); spheroid growth ↑; migration ↓

Yang et al. 2011

[126]

proliferation ↓ (Raf/MEK/ERK); migration ↓

proliferation ↓ (p27, CDK2); migration ↓

Ju et al. 2007

[136]

proliferation & tumor growth ↑ (p21, p27, Cyclin D1); migration & metastasis ↑ (TSC2, F-actin, MIPγ, SDF-1, CXCL-16, paxillin and ezrin-radixin-moesin); angiogenesis ↓

Santi and Lee 2011

[128]

proliferation ↑

proliferation ↑ (CDK2, Cyclin D, p27); mitochondrial autophagy ↓ (PGC1, p70S6K)

proliferation ↑

Wang et al. 2008

[137]

proliferation ↑; migration & chemotaxis ↑ (PKCζ, LIMK/Cofilin, integrin ß1)

Zhang et al. 2017

[138]

proliferation & tumor growth ↑; apoptosis ↓; migration & invasion ↑ (miR-200c)

Polytarchou et al. 2011

[139]

tumor growth Ø

tumor growth ↑ (NF_KB, CREB, miR-21, PTEN, PDCD4, Sprouty1)

Ye et al. 2016

[140]

proliferation & tumor growth ↑; migration & invasion & chemotaxis ↑ (WDR26, PI3Kβ, Gβγ)

Yu et al. 2014

[141]

apoptosis ↓ (p53, miR-17/20)

Thirumurthi et al. 2014

[142]

tumor growth ↑ (SIRT6)

Plo et al. 2008

Baek et al. 2018

[143]

[121]

tumor growth & genomic instability (BRCA1, RAD51)

Ooms et al. 2015

[144]

proliferation & tumor growth ↑; apoptosis ↓; migration & invasion & chemotaxis & metastasis ↓ (PIPP)

Zhang et al. 2016

[145]

proliferation & tumor growth ↑ migration & invasion ↓ (miR-409-3p)

Yang et al. 2009

[146]

apoptosis ↓; tumor growth ↑; invasion & metastasis ↑ (Par1)

Watson and Moorehead 2013

[147]

proliferation & tumor growth ↑; metastasis Ø

proliferation & tumor growth ↑; metastasis Ø

Irie et al. 2005

[148]

migration ↓ (ERK, E-cadherin, N-cadherin);

proliferation ↑

migration ↑ (vimentin); proliferation ↑

Gargini et al. 2015

[149]

proliferation ↑; apoptosis ↓ (FoxO3, Bim); mammosphere growth ↓ (Bim, E cadherin, vimentin, ß-catenin, integrin β1)

proliferation ↑; mammosphere growth ↓

Hu et al. 2018

[155]

proliferation ↑; apoptosis ↓ (miR-433, Bcl-2, BAX)

Li et al. 2017

[156]

proliferation & tumor growth ↑ apoptosis ↓ (p53, p21, p27, CyclinD1, Bcl2, XIAP); migration & invasion ↑ (miR-29b); angiogenesis ↑ (VEGF, c-myc)

Suyama et al. 2018

[96]

AKT3-S472: proliferation & tumor growth ↓; apoptosis ↑ (Bim, MAPK/ERK, BAX); metastasis ↓

Lehman et al. 2012

[157]

invasion ↑ (RhoC GTPase)

invasion ↑

proliferation ↑; apoptosis ↓

Li et al. 2018

[113]

invasion ↓ (ERK, ß-catenin)

Chung et al 2013

[154]

proliferation Ø; migration & invasion ↓ (N-cadherin)

Chin and Toker 2010, 2014

[158]

[159]

[160]

migration ↓ (palladin)

Yoeli-Lerner et al. 2009, 2005

[112]

[161]

migration ↓ (GSK3, HDM2, NFAT1)

Choi et al. 2016

[152]

migration & invasion ↓ (TIS21, Sp1, NOX4, mDia1/2/3)

migration & invasion Ø

Iliopoulos et al. 2009

[163]

TGF-β stimulated migration & metastasis ↓ (miR-200, Zeb1/2, E-cadherin); spheroid formation ↓

migration & metastasis Ø; spheroid formation Ø

Cheng et al. 2007, 2008

[164]

[168]

migration & invasion ↑ (Twist)

Leal-Orta et al. 2018

[165]

migration & invasion ↑

Marcial-Medina et al. 2019

[166]

migration ↑

Arboleda et al. 2003

[167]

invasion Ø

invasion & metastasis ↑ (integrin β1); post invasion survival ↑

invasion Ø

Li et al. 2016

[170]

migration & invasion & metastasis ↓ (Twist1)

Hohensee et al 2016

[171]

migration & invasion ↑; brain metastasis ↑

Grottke et al. 2016

[150]

proliferation Ø; migration & chemotaxis Ø

proliferation Ø; migration & chemotaxis Ø

proliferation Ø; migration & chemotaxis & metastasis ↓ (S100A4, NFAT5)