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Table 1 Examples of Intracellular Proteins Binding or Influenced by PtdSer

From: Distribution, dynamics and functional roles of phosphatidylserine within the cell

Protein

Brief function description

K-Ras

An early GTPase in many signal transduction pathways, for review see [77].

Rab-GTPases

A large family of proteins controlling endocytosis, cell migration, cell progression and morphology: many are discussed in main text. Exactly how many of the Rho GTPases that bind or depend on PtdSer for their localization remains uncertain.

Src

A central non-receptor tyrosine kinase with localization dependent on PtdSer, as discussed in the main text.

Protein kinase C

Enzyme family controlling other proteins through phosphorylation [78].

Akt

Activation mediates downstream responses through protein phosphorylation, binding to both PI(3,4,5)P3 and PtdSer [79].

Cavin1

As discussed in main text, PtdSer is required for cavin1 and caveolin1 to form stable caveolae in vivo [68]. Cavin1 forms polyhedral lattices on PtdSer- containing liposomes [80].

Evectin-2

Retrograde endosome to Golgi trafficking [72, 73]. Specific binding to PtdSer depends on the PH-domain of the protein [72, 81].

P4-ATPases

Evolutionarily conserved lipid flippases (including ATP8A1, ATP8A2, ATP9A in mammals and Drs2 in yeast) [8]. Some are specific for PtdSer [82] and as discussed in main text, a number are important for endosomal trafficking [76, 83,84,85,86], with recent reviews providing more detail [33].