Ventricular Zone Expressed PH Domain Containing 1 (VEPH1): an adaptor protein capable of modulating multiple signaling transduction pathways during normal and pathological development

Table 1 Studies reporting altered expression or variants of VEPH1 in cancer

Cancer	Predicted positive or negative impact	Reference	Notes
Adrenocortical cancer	Positive	[36, 37]	VEPH1 expression is one of 4 genes predictive of increased overall survival
Breast cancer	Unknown impact of mutation	[38]	Identified VEPH1 as a cancer gene based on mutation rate
Breast cancer	Negative	[39]	LOH of the VEPH1 locus
Chordoma	Negative	[40]	Target gene of Brachyury (TBXT)
Colorectal cancer	Negative/Positive	[41]	VEPH1 expression was increased 7-fold in DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells expressing FOXO3a
Gastric cancer	Positive	[42]	Decreased > 50% in early gastric cancer relative to normal tissue
Hepatocellular cancer	Unknown impact of SNPs	[43]	Region within intron 4 is one of nine susceptibility loci associated with hepatocellular cancer
Hepatocellular cancer	Positive	[44]	VEPH1 expression increased by ORP2 knockdown
Lung squamous cell cancer	Positive	[45]	VEPH1 transcripts decreased nearly 80% relative to non-tumor lung tissue
Multiple myeloma bone marrow MSCs	Negative	[46]	May be involved in establishing a microenvironmental niche favoring cancer progression
Osteosarcoma	Positive	[47]	Decreased expression in COX2-overexpressing osteocarcinoma cells
Ovarian cancer	Positive	[17]	VEPH1 expression resulted in decreased xenograft tumor progression
Ovarian cancer	Negative	[48, 49]	Amplification of the VEPH1 locus and expression
Prostate cancer	Negative	[50]	Decreased by STK4/MST1 overexpression in cell lines
Prostate cancer	Unknown impact of splice variant	[51]	Increased alternate splicing of VEPH1 associated with EMT

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