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Table 2 Genes regulated by cold shock proteins in disease

From: Cold shock proteins: from cellular mechanisms to pathophysiology and disease

Protein

Disease

Target Cell

Mode of Action

Target Gene

Ref.

YB-1

Sepsis

neutrophils, macrophages

N.D.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) CXCL-1

[123]

 

T-cell activation Autoimmunity

Inflammation

T-helper cells

binding and stabilization of mRNA

Interleukin 2 (IL-2)

[129, 204]

 

Allergic asthma

activated eosinophils

stabilization and up-regulation of mRNA transcripts

GM-CSF

[140]

  

embryonic lung fibroblasts

suppression of gene transcription

GM-CSF

[205]

 

Chronic liver disease

activated hepatic stellate cells

induction of expression; antagonizes TGFβ signaling

Smad7

[153]

 

Chronic liver disease

rat hepatoma cells (FAO)

suppression of gene transcription

Mrp2

[206]

 

Kidney transplant rejection

primary monocytes

activation of gene transcription

RANTES/CCL5

[126]

 

Kidney transplant rejection

differentiated macrophages

suppression of gene transcription

RANTES/CCL5

[126]

 

Neointimal hyperplasia Atherosclerosis

vascular smooth muscle cells

activation of gene transcription

RANTES/CCL5

[127]

 

Endometriosis

peritoneal macrophages

activation of gene transcription and recruitment of inflammatory cells

RANTES/CCL5*

[207, 208]

 

Chronic kidney disease Interstial kidney disease

proximal tubular cells

control of translation

TGFβ

[132, 209]

 

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis

endothelial cells

gene transcription

PDGF-B

[111]

 

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis

renal cells

gene transcription, secretion

PDGF-B

[138]

 

Tubulointerstial nephritis

renal cells, macrophages

gene transcription, secretion, differentiation, phagocytosis

RANTES/CCL5 MCP-1/CCL2 IL-10

[124, 203]

 

Dysregulated angiogenesis

 

repression of VEGF promotor

VEGF

[210]

 

Calcineurin inhibitor mediated kidney fibrosis

mesangial cells

binding and stabilization of mRNA

Collagen

[136]

 

Anti-Thy1.1 nephritis

mesangial cells

gene transcription, secretion

Notch-3

[54]

 

Type II diabetes

skeletal muscle

gene transcription, signal pathways

PTP1B

[55]

 

T-ALL

T cell

Cell cycle

Cdk6

[181]

CHSP1

Inflammation Sepsis

macrophages

enhancement of mRNA stability

TNF

[24]

DbpA

Dysregulated angiogenesis

fibroblasts

repression of VEGF promoter

VEGF

[130, 210]

 

Hepatocellular carcinoma

hepatocytes

  

[211,212,213,214]

 

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis

renal cells

gene transcription, secretion

DbpA

[13]

  1. For the studied cold shock domain proteins, the disease, target cell, mode of action, and target genes are listed, together with the relevant citation. In sepsis, the mode of action has not been determined (N.D.). Modified from Lindquist et al. [4].