Fig. 4

Summary of major kinases and phosphatases involved in Hh pathway. a In Drosophila, Hh induces the phosphorylations of Smo, Cos2, Fu, and Sufu proteins, but dephosphorylation of protein Ci, which activate the expressions of target genes. b Similarly, vertebrate Smo and Sufu proteins undergo phosphorylations, and Gli proteins undergo dephosphorylation upon HH stimulation. However, different from Cos2 in Drosophila, Kif7 is phosphorylated when HH signal is off, but dephosphorylated when HH signal is on. The major key kinases and phosphatases controlling these phosphorylation events are shown within blue boxes or orange boxes, respectively. Phosphorylated proteins are highlighted in blue. The signal transduction cascade under Hh condition is indicated with gray background