Fig. 2

a-h. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in CRAMP-deficient astrocytes or microglial cells after bacterial stimulation. Astrocytes or microglial cells from CRAMP-KO or wild-type (WT) mice were incubated with bacterial supernatants of Gram-positive S. pneumoniae (SP) or Gram-negative N. meningitidis (NM) and bacterial cell wall components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or peptidoglycan (PGN) for either 6 or 24 h. mRNA levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (a, b and e, f) and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (c, d and g, h) were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Data were assessed from five independent experiments in duplicate. Statistical significance is marked as * - p < 0.05 and ** - p < 0.01 (two-way ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni’s multiple-comparison test)