Fig. 1

a-d. Significant induction of metabolic activity in CRAMP-KO microglia after bacterial stimulation. Astrocytes (a, c) and microglial cells (b, d) from CRAMP wild-type (WT) or knockout (KO) mice were incubated with bacterial supernatants of Gram-positive S. pneumoniae (SP) or Gram-negative N. meningitidis (NM) and bacterial cell wall components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or peptidoglycan (PGN) for 24 h. Cell viability or cytotoxicity was determined using CellTiter-Blue (a, b) or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; c, d) assay. Data were assessed from three independent experiments. An asterisk indicates a significant difference between stimulated WT and CRAMP-KO glial cells (*** - p < 0.001; two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test)