Fig. 3

Density-dependent shift of metabolic rate. 1D ¹H-NMR spectroscopic exometabolome analysis of conditioned media from induced embryonic stem cells (ESCs) initially seeded at 1,000 cells/cm² (blue) and 10,000 cells/cm² (red). a By day 3, cells seeded at higher density reduce production of lactate whereas cells initially seeded at low density continue to increase lactate production and exhibit a significantly higher fold increase in lactate abundance between days 1 and 3 (9.0 vs 3.8; *** p-value < 0.001). b Fold change of lactate production relative to day 1. c Amino acid uptake of valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and glutamine/glutamate (glx) significantly increases in the low density group after two days of induction (*** p-value < 0.001). d Amino acid uptake plateaus between 2 and 3 days post induction in the higher density group. Fold change of amino acid uptake relative to day 1