Table 1 Expression, ligands and signaling pathways of immune checkpoint molecules (based on [210] and [211])
From: T cell exhaustion: from pathophysiological basics to tumor immunotherapy
Immune checkpoint receptors (synonym) | Cellular expression | Ligand | Intracellular motif | Signaling pathways |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CTLA-4 (CD152) | T cells | CD80, CD86 | YxxM | SHP2, LCK/ZAP70/PI3K PP2A/AKT |
PD-1 (CD279) | T cells, B cells, DCs, NKT cells, Monocytes | PD-L1, PD-L2 | ITIM, ITSM | SHP1, PI3K/AKT SHP2, LCK/ZAP70/PI3K, RAS |
TIGIT (VSIG9, VSTM3) | T cells, NK and NKT cells | CD155, CD112 | 2 × ITIM | NF-kB, PI3K and MAPK |
LAG-3 (CD223) | T cells, B cells, DC, NK cells | MHCII | KIEELE | not determined |
2B4 (CD244) | T cells, NK cells, Monocytes, Basophiles | CD2, CD48 | ITSM | not determined |
BTLA (CD272) | T cells, B cells, DC, Macrophages, Myeloid cells | HVEM, CD80 | ITIM, ITSM | SHP1, PI3K/AKT SHP2, LCK/ZAP70/PI3K |
TIM3 (HAVCR2) | T cells, B cells, NK cells, NKT cells, DCs, Macrophages | Gal-9 | Y235, Y242 | PI3K BAT3/LCK |
VISTA (PD1-H) | T cells, DCs, Macrophages, Monocytes, Neutrophils | not determined | not determined | not determined |
CD96 (Tactile) | T cells, NK cells, Myeloid cells | CD155 | ITIM | not determined |