Table 1 CagA-positive H.pylori mediates dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Competitive binding E-cadherin

Release of β-catenin from the E-cadherin/β-catenin complex

[22]

Phosphorylation of LRP6

Activation of Dvl

[34]

Phosphorylation of Akt

Inactivation of GSK-3β and activation of downstream β-catenin

[37]

Direct binding GSK-3β

Degradation of GSK-3β and activation of downstream β-catenin

[38]

P13K/Akt signaling pathway

Phosphorylation of EGFR

Activation of the P13K p85 subunit and downstream Akt

[37, 48]

Interaction with c-met

Activation of P13K/Akt, the downstream β-catenin and NF-κB

[21]

Interaction with P13K p85

Activation of the P13K p85 subunit and downstream Akt

[20, 50]

NF-κB signaling pathway

Activation of MEK/ERK

Phosphorylation of p65, induced the release of IL-8

[56, 57]

Autophosphorylation of TAK1 Synergy with phosphorylation of MEKK3

Recruitment and activation of IKK complex

[60]

Shh signaling pathway

Activation of NF-κB

Overexpression of Shh

JNK signaling pathway

Activation of TNF homolog Eiger or overexpression of Rhol

Upregulation of JNK signaling, induced apoptosis and compensatory proliferation

[68, 69]

JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway

Induced IL-6, IL-10

Phosphorylation of STAT3, nuclear translocation of STAT3

[70–73]

ERK/MAPK signaling pathway

Interaction with SHP2, Grb2 and Crk/Crk-L

Activation of ERK/MAPK signaling, induced cell scattering

[19, 20, 76]